{"id":1542,"date":"2025-07-08T09:11:09","date_gmt":"2025-07-08T09:11:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zanistencivaki.org\/tr\/?p=1542"},"modified":"2025-07-08T09:11:09","modified_gmt":"2025-07-08T09:11:09","slug":"zihniyetin-asamalari-bilincin-tasiyicilari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zanistencivaki.org\/tr\/zihniyetin-asamalari-bilincin-tasiyicilari\/","title":{"rendered":"Zihniyetin a\u015famalar\u0131, Bilincin Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131."},"content":{"rendered":"

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Hakki Tekin<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in \u00f6nce onunla birlikte olu\u015fan zihniyetin izini s\u00fcrmek gerekir. Zihin ne salt beyindir, ne sadece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedir. Zihin; bedenden, beyinden, deneyimden, ili\u015fkiden ve anlamdan do\u011fan bir \u00f6rg\u00fc sistemidir. Anlam\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine Bat\u0131 felsefesi iki kutba ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Hegel ve Marks. Hegel, anlam\u0131n do\u011fada i\u00e7kin oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler; evrensel Tin (Geist) do\u011fada vard\u0131r, insan onu yaln\u0131zca a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Tin, do\u011fan\u0131n akl\u0131d\u0131r, tarihin ruhudur. Bu y\u00fczden insan anlam\u0131 \u00fcretmez, ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m idealisttir ama do\u011fayla anlam aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131 koparmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in sezgisel olarak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Marks ise\u00a0Hegel\u2019e\u00a0tepki olarak anlam\u0131 do\u011fadan de\u011fil, insandan t\u00fcretir. Beyin vard\u0131r, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce oradan \u00e7\u0131kar; bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u0131\u015fa yans\u0131r, \u00fcstyap\u0131 olur. Anlam burada bireyin \u00fcretim etkinli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m materyalisttir ama insan\u0131 anlamdan \u00e7ok \u00fcretime indirger. Her iki yakla\u015f\u0131m da insan\u0131n toplumsal ve biyolojik derinli\u011fini tam olarak a\u00e7\u0131klayamaz. Hegel do\u011fay\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, Marks beyni nesnele\u015ftirir. Ama insan ne yaln\u0131zca do\u011fan\u0131n ruhudur, ne de yaln\u0131zca beynin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nder Apo\u2019nun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi bu ikilemi a\u015far. Anlam ne do\u011fan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ne beynin i\u00e7inde, tekil bir mek\u00e2na hapsedilebilir. Anlam, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn a\u015famalar\u0131nda\u00a0bulunan, ama en \u00e7ok da insan\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli\u00a0zihinsel yap\u0131s\u0131nda bi\u00e7imlenen bir\u00a0harekettir. Beyin tek tek merdivenli\u00a0bir mekanizma de\u011fildir. Evrimsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00fc\u00e7 ana tabakadan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur,\u00a0alt beyin, orta beyin ve \u00fcst beyin. Alt beyin hayatta kalma reflekslerinin, i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerin, fiziksel\u00a0tepkilerin merkezidir. Bu a\u015fama\u00a0h\u00e2l\u00e2 hayvani d\u00fczeyin izlerini ta\u015f\u0131r. Orta beyin, duygular\u0131n, ba\u011flanman\u0131n, taklidin, haf\u0131zan\u0131n merkezidir. \u0130\u015fte burada\u00a0mimetik\u00a0ve\u00a0mitik\u00a0d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce do\u011far.\u00a0Mimetik\u00a0zihin taklit eder;\u00a0mitik\u00a0zihin taklidi anlat\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr, sembol \u00fcretir, anlam kurar. \u0130nsan bu evrede art\u0131k sadece \u201cben\u201d de\u011fil, \u201cbiz\u201d olarak var olmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

\u00dcst beyin\u00a0ise insan\u0131 insan yapan bilin\u00e7 a\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r. Anlam\u0131 kurar, etikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr, de\u011fer \u00fcretir, zaman\u0131 soyutlar, sorumluluk al\u0131r. Ama bu \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015fama veya kat \u2019da\u00a0insanda birlikte bulunur. Hayvani y\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcz i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerimizde s\u00fcrer,\u00a0mitik\u00a0d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemiz sembollerde ya\u015far, ahlaki bilincimiz ise \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckle birle\u015fti\u011finde toplumsal\u00a0forma ula\u015f\u0131r. Bu \u00e7ok a\u015famal\u0131k\u00a0y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, insan yaln\u0131zca bireysel de\u011fil, toplumsal bir zihniyet ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nder Apo burada \u00e7ok kritik bir tespitte bulunur: \u0130nsan toplumla insan olur, ama toplum da insanla kendini kurar. Ve toplum\u00a0da t\u0131pk\u0131 beyin gibi a\u015famal\u0131d\u0131r. En alta yerle\u015fmi\u015f geleneksel zihin yap\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r: Bu yap\u0131, aileye, itaat k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne, sembole ve korkuya dayan\u0131r. Bu kesim en fazla dinle, aileyle, t\u00f6reyle hareket eder. De\u011fi\u015fmek istemez, gelenekle ya\u015far, zora gelmez. Bu toplum kesimi, \u00d6nder Apo\u2019nun deyimiyle, \u201chala Mesih bekler.\u201d Yani kendini \u00f6zne yapmaz, kurtar\u0131c\u0131ya muhta\u00e7t\u0131r. Bu katman bug\u00fcn bile toplumun en geni\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Bir \u00fcstte ara zihin katman\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu, ulus-devletle, milliyet\u00e7ilikle, modern e\u011fitimle \u015fekillenmi\u015f, ama hala sistemin i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck ya\u015fayan bilin\u00e7 d\u00fczeyidir. Bu kesim ele\u015ftirir ama \u00f6rg\u00fctlenemez, sisteme kar\u015f\u0131d\u0131r ama onun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda alternatif kuramaz.<\/p>\n

En \u00fcstte, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olabilecek zihniyet a\u015famas\u0131vard\u0131r. Bu kesim hem bireysel hem kolektif sorumlulu\u011fu kavrar; hem ge\u00e7mi\u015fin y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc hem gelece\u011fin anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Ama bu katman\u0131n geli\u015fmesi zordur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sistem hem alt beyin d\u00fczeyindeki korkularla, hem orta beyin d\u00fczeyindeki al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klarla, hem de \u00fcst beyin d\u00fczeyindeki bilgiyle toplumu ku\u015fat\u0131r.\u00a0\u00d6rne\u011fin K\u00fcrtlerin son iki y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r bast\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131, inkar edilmeleri, \u00f6z bilincin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 k\u00fcrd\u00fc orta kat dedi\u011fimiz mittik seviyede tutulur. \u00dcst a\u015famaya ge\u00e7ilmemesinin en \u00f6nemli zihinsel ve bedensel nedeni budur. Bunun\u00a0i\u00e7in \u00d6nder Apo,\u00a0K\u00fcrt\u00a0halk\u0131n\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f ve e\u015fit ko\u015fularda siyaset yapma, kendi\u00a0kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131\u00a0ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme zemini aram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Bu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeden K\u00fcrtler zihinsel ve R\u00f6nesans patlamas\u0131 yapamaz.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci neden, d\u0131\u015fsalc\u0131 ve determinist anlay\u0131\u015fla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme ve eylem kapasitesinin zihniyet ve yeteneklerin geli\u015ftirmeme sebebinde aranmal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fcmer rahip devletinden ba\u015flamak \u00fczere, din, felsefe, bilim ve sosyal bilimlerin, merkezden-\u00fcstten a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya verilen bilin\u00e7 y\u00f6ntemidir. Leninist parti modelinde ‘bilin\u00e7 kitleye d\u0131\u015ftan verilir\u2019 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla somutla\u015fan bu d\u0131\u015fsalc\u0131 determinist \u00e7izgi, \u00f6znele\u015fme, irade sahibi olma ve zihniyet d\u00fczeyinin bilin\u00e7 seviyesine ula\u015fma zeminini ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte\u00a0Apo\u2019cu\u00a0zihniyet devrimi burada anlam kazan\u0131r. \u00d6nderlik sadece siyasal bir\u00a0sistemi de\u011fil, bir bilin\u00e7 s\u0131\u00e7ramas\u0131d\u0131r. Toplumun alt ve orta a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0korku, taklit, inan\u00e7 ve al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131yla \u015fekillenmi\u015f zihin d\u00fcnyas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131; anlam, etik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckle \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f yeni bir \u00fcst zihin d\u00fczeyi in\u015fa etmek ister. Bu yeni zihniyet d\u00fczeyi, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin miras\u0131na sayg\u0131 duyar ama onunla yetinmez; bug\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131r ama onunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanmaz; gelece\u011fi hayal eder ama onu kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu devrim sadece bilgiyle de\u011fil, \u00f6rg\u00fctle, ya\u015famla, demokratik ortam\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve inan\u00e7la yap\u0131l\u0131r.\u00a0Apo\u2019cu\u00a0\u00e7izgide bilgi sadece bir a\u00e7\u0131klama de\u011fil; bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131d\u0131r, bir sorumluluktur. \u00d6nder Apo\u2019nun \u201cBen size \u00f6nder olmak istemiyorum, siz\u00a0\u00f6nderlesin\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc i\u015fte bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zetidir. Art\u0131k halk\u00a0Mesihbeklemeyecek, kendini kuracak. Art\u0131k anlam d\u0131\u015far\u0131da de\u011fil, toplumun kendisindedir.\u00a0\u0130li\u015fkisellik, anlamsall\u0131k, etik ve deneyim ili\u015fkileri \u00fczerinden alttan i\u00e7 i\u00e7elik, i\u00e7selik d\u00fczleminde bilgi-zihin s\u00fcrecini geli\u015ftirmek ister.\u00a0Art\u0131k bilin\u00e7 bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ya da ideolojik merkezin de\u011fil, toplumun i\u00e7sel geli\u015fim d\u00fczeyiyle, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan\u00a0\u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli, \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc, \u00e7ok sesli varolu\u015fudur.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle Apoculuk, sadece yeni bir\u00a0sistem\u00a0de\u011fil,\u00a0bu sistemin\u00a0zihnin\u00a0d\u00fczeyinde\u00a0tarihsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Anlam, art\u0131k sadece do\u011fada ya da beyinde de\u011fil, toplumun her h\u00fccresinde; ili\u015fkide, \u00f6rg\u00fctte, direni\u015fte, sezgide ve \u00fcretimde var olur. Ve bu anlamla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fen her ya\u015fam, art\u0131k yeni bir bilin\u00e7 alan\u0131, yeni bir toplum ve yeni bir hakikat d\u00fczeyi yarat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Hakki Tekin \u0130nsan\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in \u00f6nce onunla birlikte olu\u015fan zihniyetin izini s\u00fcrmek gerekir. Zihin ne salt beyindir, ne sadece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedir. Zihin; bedenden, beyinden, deneyimden, ili\u015fkiden ve anlamdan do\u011fan bir \u00f6rg\u00fc sistemidir. Anlam\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine Bat\u0131 felsefesi iki kutba ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Hegel ve Marks. Hegel, anlam\u0131n do\u011fada i\u00e7kin oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler; evrensel Tin (Geist) do\u011fada vard\u0131r, insan …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1542","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-makale"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zanistencivaki.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1542","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zanistencivaki.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zanistencivaki.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zanistencivaki.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zanistencivaki.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1542"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zanistencivaki.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1542\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1544,"href":"https:\/\/zanistencivaki.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1542\/revisions\/1544"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zanistencivaki.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1542"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zanistencivaki.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1542"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zanistencivaki.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1542"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}